Types And Stages Of Observational Learning And Memory

Overview

Huczynski and Buchanan describe learning as "the process of obtaining information via experience that leads to a persistent change in behaviour" (2013). Observational and associative learning are two separate forms of learning.

Albert Bandura (1977, 1986, & 2000) invented the notion of observational learning to eliminate the trial-and-error technique of learning. Associative learning is more time-consuming and dangerous than Observational learning when comparing the two types of learning. Observing through observing may result in the development of new behaviour and a change in previously learned behaviour.

Phases And Methods To Learning Through Observation:

1. Attention. Observers can only learn by paying attention to a mentor or instructor—for instance, in dance courses. To learn how to dance, attendees must watch and pay attention to the teacher.
2. Retention. Observers are required to memorize and preserve information. To go to the following phase, you must recollect what you already memorized. Learn how to utilize computer applications, for example.
3. Reproduction. Observers must be able to duplicate the behaviour. However, physical abilities are a limiting issue, and humans, for example, cannot fly.
4. Reinforcement. Observers will progress through many phases and be encouraged to learn. Experiment on youngsters by allowing them to watch television and then motivating violent behaviour, according to Bandura's (e.g., 1977) Social Learning Theory.

This research has significant consequences for children's exposure to media violence.

Memory is the mental process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968).

Memory is the process of storing and retrieving data over some time. Matlin (2005, Matlin)

There Are Three Phases Of Memory:

1. Encode: Visual (image), acoustic (sound), and semantic (information) (meaning)
2. Store: Short-term memory or long-term memory should be used to store data.
3. Retrieve: Get a context-dependent (same circumstance) or state-dependent result (similar emotional state)

Different Forms Of Memories:

Memory-based on the senses. It is very brief; if it isn't stored in short-term memory, it will be forgotten. For example, the memory of a sound, sight, or phrase is only maintained for a second. Memory recall may be hampered by interference. Iconic and echoic memory is two types of sensory memory.

Short-term memory, often known as working memory, is a precursor to long-term memory. It encodes information by holding a small quantity of data for a brief duration, up to seven (+-2) units at a time. We can keep information in working memory by repeating it. For example, to remember a phone number, we repeat it numerous times. It is, however, readily forgotten. One's surroundings and environment influence working memory.

Long-term memory is more difficult to master. It has an endless capacity and can store information for an extended period or the rest of one's life. In terms of long-term memory, there are three types:

• Episodic (e.g., experience, particular events such as a 5th birthday party), 
• Semantic (e.g., knowledge), and semantic (e.g., knowledge)
• Procedure (e.g., skills, how to walk)

Procedural memory (unconscious) is a subtype of implicit memory (previous experience) (e.g., musicians, in language development).

Episodic and semantic memory are subsets of Declarative memory, which is a subset of Explicit memory (conscious) and stores and recalls information and experiences (e.g., Learning to swim)

To summarise, there is no such thing as learning without memory.

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