Changes in the world's social, economic, and environmental contexts have an impact on public health settings. Due to the obvious innovative culture of public health, nursing personnel must be capable of dealing with these novel techniques. Upstream nursing is one of the novel ways that must be handled with caution to reduce healthcare inconsistencies and inequality that will be analyzed in this report for the Gypsies and the Travelers living in the UK. Their exploitation of bad health begins in childhood, as these activities impact an individual's cognitive abilities, giving rise to a variety of suicidal ideas. This will highlight the role of the nurse in bridging the gap of health inequality among them. This study elaborates on this concept with the help of many models and theories. The upstream nursing conceptual framework is also discussed to identify public health concerns. Recommendations are made to highlight potential study areas.
Contents
4.1 Orem’s Self-care deficit theory. 7
Fig. 1 Outline of Orem’s Self-deficit theory. 8
4.2 The Health Belief Model (HBM). 8
Figure 2 Modifying factors based on the Health Belief Model 9
5.1 Milio’s Framework for Prevention. 9
5.2 Critical Theoretical Perspective (CST). 10
6.2 Collaboration with the society. 11
7.1 Economic Disparities from mainstream.. 12
7.3 Cultural and Linguistic Barriers. 12
Glossary of the terms
CST: Critical Theoretical Perspective
HBM: Health Belief Model
HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
NHS: National Health Service
NMC: Nursing and Midwifery Council
UK: United Kingdom
Due to a massive variety of social, economic, and environmental variables, health has risen to the top of the global priority list. Several fatal diseases are plaguing the world, wreaking havoc on people's health (Condon et al., 2022). The United Kingdom, through its healthcare institutions such as the NHS, is one of the top spenders on its residents' health. According to the UK Parliament's (2019) census, England's overall population includes approximately fifty thousand Gypsies and Travellers. They described their health as "adverse" or "worst" in 14% of the cases. When compared to nomadic societies, non-travelers had a 10-12 year increase in life expectancy. A total of 42% of those surveyed have had a chronic illness. The goal of this report is to examine the various factors that influence public health. Allied health care workers all play an important role in the public health care system's long-term viability and efficiency (Anderson et al., 2021).
The importance of upstream nursing approaches in preventing sickness or medical problems at an early stage through awareness and guidance is discussed in this paper. The mediating variable in the precise determining status of nursing staff's upstream thinking to achieve beneficial effects in the field of public health is behavior and lifestyle (Condon et al., 2022). The following report will discuss the socioeconomic variables that contribute to health disparities among socially disadvantaged communities such as Gypsies and travelers in the United Kingdom.
Health and well-being is influenced by myriad of social, psychological, ethical factors. Health inequalities are visible among socially disadvantaged populations, who are more sensitive to chronic disease and so have a lower overall standard of health (Kim et al., 2016). The Roman Gypsies and travelers are a socially isolated subculture who follow their own traditions in the United Kingdom (Schmidt, 2016). Since health disparities affect individual life expectancy and access to healthcare services, they can lead to discrimination among people, particularly vulnerable groups. Medical health problems are more common among non-disadvantaged people than they are in advantaged people. The interconnection of all socioeconomic issues with cultural and linguistic characteristics emphasizes the Gypsies' and Travellers' poor health outcomes (Millan & Smith, 2019). They are more prone to their perceptions of health status due to their isolation from the mainstream (Gilmour et al., 2020).
Access to medication and healthcare services is limited for vulnerable social groups and individuals, increasing health risks and difficulties. There are different socioeconomic variables that influence health outcomes in Gypsies and travelers (Condon et al., 2019). These nomadic people continue to roam, but they are having difficulty accessing healthcare services. These variables also contribute to healthcare practitioners' ignorance of these people's health issues. Since their naïve language was different leading to their inability to speak English as their first language due to their cultural identity, which reduces trust in the patient-physician connection (McFadden et al., 2018). It is the health care worker's responsibility to reassure the patient that their confidence will not be betrayed and that their dignity will be respected. People's behaviors can be molded in favor of self-management and self-awareness regarding health to sustain public health. The government gives legal protection to citizens against discrimination and inequality (Keogh et al., 2021).
All of these top-level commitments of providing sustainable healthcare facilities and achieving meaningful behavioral change can only be accomplished through efficient nursing practices. When they are in direct contact with the public, nursing could make a valuable contribution to improving health care environments (King et al., 2021). Nurses in the United Kingdom must be recognized by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) before they can work in public health settings to promote health (Lanlehin, 2018). There are various risks to people's health as a result of patients' failure to make the best choices in life.The authors go on to say that the health of the working class is crucial because they have an impact on the lives of entire families that rely on them. Nurses should possess the skills to shape the community well-being in each sphere of lives by impacting in a positive way (Kieft et al., 2014).
The literature on nursing practices and individual behavioral changes in public health settings is rich. Several models and theories focused on health care in individual and communal contexts addressed this issue. In the social and economic contexts of the world, individuals can take care of themselves in terms of health and lifestyle. These vulnerable people are located far from urban regions, where healthcare services are more readily available (Tulchinsky&Varavikova, 2014). By neglecting the problems they experience, Gypsies and Travelers compromise their health. Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, HIV/AIDS, cancer, and cardiovascular disease result from these factors. The underlying chronic illnesses establish the groundwork for other co-morbidities to manifest within the body, further deteriorating health (Holtz, 2016). This is a major determinant that stresses both the healthcare professionals' and the Gypsy Travellers' roles in the process.
On the other hand, drug addiction is a long-standing problem among the socially underprivileged, and it has negative health consequences. It begins in the early years of adolescence with the use of tobacco and alcohol. Their manipulation of bad health begins in childhood, as these activities impact an individual's cognitive abilities, giving rise to a variety of suicidal ideas (Millan & Smith, 2019). A key factor accounting for health decline is a lack of sufficient information required to comprehend the ill effects induced by these medications and smoking cigarettes. Children, as well as females, engage in these behaviors, causing self-harm and destruction since drug use can lead to a variety of behavioral issues. These activities are evidence of the Gypsies' and Travellers' mental health degradation, which results in psychological discomfort, depression, and anxiety. The cultural competent factors resisted them from the fear of getting checked up for their mental health (Robinson, 2021).
The self-care deficit theory of Dorothea Orem elaborates on the idea that people have the potential to perform in self-care situations. This encompasses the behaviors and activities that people engage in to achieve positive health and life outcomes while maintaining their well-being. The theory of self-care, the theory of self-care deficit, and the theory of the nursing system are three subcategories of this theory (Hellqvist, 2021).
Fig. 1 Outline of Orem’s Self-deficit theory(Mohmmed et al., 2018)
The goal of this philosophy is to emphasize the patients' proclivity for self-recovery. Furthermore, the surrounding cultural or environmental elements have an impact on self-care. In some cases, such as abdominal surgery, a person simply needs minor nursing assistance to heal. This hypothesis suggested that nurses should gain a better grasp of their patients' abilities to heal on their own (Mohmmed et al., 2018).
Patients were reluctant to join in disease prevention and detection programs, according to social psychologists in the 1950s. They proposed the health belief model (HBM), which explains how people's attitudes toward health care develop over time. It is one of the most often used models for interpreting people's health behaviors (Orji et al., 2012). Nursing is essentially concerned with providing treatment that is respectful of and congruent with different culturally competent factors considering effective communication between the healthcare practitioner, the patient, and their family at its center. The nurses must increase our ability to adapt to people's individual wishes to give quality and polite treatment. Emphasis should be placed on the unmet needs of dying individuals, which should be supplied in a way that reflects spiritual and cultural beliefs. Professional values are intertwined with personal values, describing the cultural skills ingrained in a person and applied holistically to nursing care (Jones et al., 2015). Although culturally competent abilities are one of the most significant requirements for nurses, the fundamental values that follow and reflect them also play a vital role.
Figure 2 Modifying factors based on the Health Belief Model(Ghorbani-Dehbalaei et al., 2021)
The participating community plays a necessary role in changing the health context. In terms of individual health, the community's mission cannot be overlooked.
The individual habits of health and wellbeing were outlined in this framework by Nancy Milio as an important part of community. Individuals, for example, are motivated by the conduct of others. People form their habits as a result of population-based care. Nurses must determine society's pinching factors to be more productive in therapy sessions (Tsombanos et al., 2018). In organizational contexts, the fundamental goal of this prevention approach is to assure health promotion, protection, early diagnosis, treatment, disability limitation, and rehabilitation.
Critical theories are necessary for delving into the notions that shape the world's way of existence CST in nursing is leading to an investigation of fundamental themes to identify and reduce repressive socio-political elements that are producing issues in health care (Kay et al., 2015). This hypothesis further expands on the idea of examining community-shaped behavioral changes. Nurses should gain knowledge so that they can cure their patients by addressing the underlying cause of a problem in the social, political, or economic domain (Klieft et al., 2014).
Nurses are an important and unavoidable part of the healthcare system. Due to the sheer importance of nurses' roles, they bear the greatest responsibility for streamlining and integrating novel methods into the public health care system, ensuring that patients' trust and faith in the services' legitimacy and authenticity are maintained. In the United Kingdom, England is currently pursuing a 19th-century healthcare system (Anderson et al., 2021). The need of the hour is to achieve national health equity. Actions must be taken to promote health to achieve the privilege of good health for everybody. The introduction of numerous programs targeting nutritional, educational, and environmental issues will help to improve the situation in the future. Efforts to spread the message of smoking cessation to children and teenagers have resulted in a decrease in the number of smokers (Braveman et al., 2018).
The UK Government has taken steps to reach out to Gypsies and Travellers by launching the first policy, 'Travelling to a Better Future,' to improve health outcomes. This technique has been designed to offer the socially disadvantaged group the same benefits as the advantaged group. The Welsh Government's initiative in 2011 has succeeded in instilling a ray of optimism in many people. It has had a favorable influence on health outcomes, as seen by increases in educational involvement within the population, yet discrimination still exists. It is built on five fundamental factors to execute person-centered care: involvement, integration, preventive, long-term goal, and collaboration. The Gypsies and Travellers' cooperation aided public agencies in identifying their potential in Wales as part of a comprehensive effort to reach them (LlywodraethCymru Welsh Government, 2018).
Integration is the most secure method of allowing Gypsies to participate actively in society without fear of discrimination (Condon et al., 2019). Preventive actions to reduce the problems of poverty, mental health degradation, and homelessness, all of which are possible risk factors for poor health. This plan aims towards a long-term goal of empowering the underserved. Collaboration with related groups has also been shown to be beneficial. The mission of the government is to promote person-centered care to improve the quality of rights for all people (Millan & Smith, 2019).
The goal of this approach is to prevent illness from occurring in the first place by raising health awareness, reducing the pressure on current medical facilities and nursing staff. Individuals' reliance on health professionals is reduced when they practice self-care. Collaboration and commitment of several commissioning and planning entities are required for the planned approaches to be effective (LlywodraethCymru Welsh Government, 2018). Nurses must gain a thorough grasp of their surroundings and the demands of the local population. They must identify the demographic that will be considerably benefited by the upstream approaches. They must also encourage involvement with the local people so that they may better understand their problems and use upstream techniques. Nurses should inform others about outbreaks and a variety of other health hazards. Nurses must use public health evidence in their practice, and they must choose the 'novice to expert' criteria so that they can improve their skills and knowledge (Mabhala, 2015).
The accurate application of upstream nursing while maintaining the essence and simplification of public health faces several problems. The issues can undermine the entire process and lead to a disastrous conclusion (Condon et al., 2019). Nurses lack the necessary knowledge and abilities to ensure the program's success. The financial situations also affect the existing situations of health as the lack of financial assistance from the Government may inhibit the future planning. Incompetence and lack of planning are also significant challenges that obstruct the path since they lead to a tragic conclusion (Theisen&Sandau, 2013).
Rising rate of unemployment among Gypsies and Travellers in the United Kingdom have had a disproportionately negative influence on the stigmatised community's economic situation. Due to a lack of economic resources, they have had to rely on bad behaviors to survive. Employed workers' incomes are insufficient to allow them to buy nicer housing and a more privileged lifestyle. They are also unable to access costly medical health services for the same reason (Millan & Smith, 2019). The Gypsies and Travellers' poverty and victimization demonstrate the importance of their contextual learning of schooling and associated health risk factors. The wanderers eat food collected from the forests, which can be diseased, resulting in health disparities. The lack of nutritional food in their diet is the primary cause of their lifestyle and living habits to be depicted. Gypsies rely on their earning’s therefore they travel at all hours of the day and night to keep their stomachs full. The deprived class of society wanders to meet their requirements, which is a common cause of a variety of weaknesses and severe health effects (Ciaian et al., 2018).
The travelers' inability to obtain an education is most likely due to discrimination and bullying based on their ethnic identification. The mentors do not support the Gypsies, which causes them to have opposing ideas. As a result of their social and cultural deprivation, these youngsters are less engaged in school (Hutchison et al., 2018). The schools seek to have educational standards, but these communal members are opposed to sex education, which they see as a source of bias. From a young age, children are encouraged to set family goals and promote their families. As a result, duties are created in which educational prerequisites are not specified in great detail. Furthermore, uneducated parents are unconcerned about their children's education. They have their healthcare perspectives and certain barriers that inhibit them to understand the relevance of health (Mulcahy et al., 2017).
Their cultural identity teaches people to be self-sufficient and to live a life of control and dignity. Their involvement in substance misuse and self-treatment of their health by devitalizing medical aids is a source of concern (McFadden et al., 2018). They choose non-medical treatment for healing; chronic diseases, on the other hand, necessitate an effective healthcare regimen to stay fit and eliminate the sickness. Another cause for avoiding receiving medical treatment is a lack of faith in health care professionals owing to differences in culture and belief (Condon et al., 2019).
Communication difficulties between the patient and the physician arise as a result of differing cultural viewpoints and differing interpretations of health as being free of illness. The focus of their exclusion is on the public health initiatives that must be implemented to alleviate their suffering (Dyson et al., 2020). Their conventional methods of perceiving chronic diseases like cancer were normal, as they only cared about survival rather than greater health. The Gypsies have a sufficient attitude regarding incurable chronic illnesses, and as a result, they have disregarded the necessity to be vaccinated. Smoking and substance misuse are part of their daily routine, which they thought was fine until they began to experience troubling symptoms of a fatal disease (Roman e al., 2014).
Due to the general deterioration of social, economic, and environmental situations, public health is the most pressing problem worldwide. This report examines public health about upstream nursing and inequality. Emerging patterns in health disparities between the socially disadvantaged and the advantaged groups demand attention. Gypsies and Travellers are an example of a vulnerable community that makes up a significant portion of the population in the United Kingdom.As an outcome of determinants of health, which are defined by a variety of circumstances, they experience poor health outcomes. Different cultural and linguistic values, differing health attitudes, a lack of quality education, substance misuse that leads to behavioral inefficacy, and economic circumstances are all accounted for by these determinants. With the use of existing research, all of the factors of the nursing profession at the individual, regional, and global levels may be comprehended. The goal of the report is to identify and analyze the pinching variables in upstream nursing. Many implementations are taking conducted at the government level to realize long-term aims for settling the Gypsies. Nomadic people are frequently subjected to prejudice that prevents them from engaging in these social activities, resulting in violations of their human rights.
It is advised that excellence in upstream nursing and public health be achieved so that illness prevention can be achieved. This can be accomplished by influencing community and individual behavior in favor of a healthy lifestyle and environment. It is suggested that comprehension of evolving health treatments matures over time. Furthermore, the effectiveness of outbreak responses should be of the highest possible quality to ensure disease protection.
Health promotion is urgently needed to equip young adolescents with educational needs that will make them aware of their significant rights. The Government of Wales has implemented the Travelling to a Better Future policy to protect the target community from health issues. This improvised strategy has a long-term goal and is implemented through a five-step process. The ability to eliminate the problems and hurdles that obstruct progress is key to improving public health. As a result, public health promotion is essential for preserving and improving health, as well as increasing life expectancy rates. It is suggested that relationships with other healthcare and social-service organizations be encouraged to enhance health. Community groups, voluntary groups, and local groups are among the most notable entities for health promotio
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